/*
 * channel.h
 *
 * I/O channel ancestor class.
 *
 * Portable Windows Library
 *
 * Copyright (c) 1993-1998 Equivalence Pty. Ltd.
 *
 * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License
 * Version 1.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in
 * compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
 * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
 *
 * Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS"
 * basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See
 * the License for the specific language governing rights and limitations
 * under the License.
 *
 * The Original Code is Portable Windows Library.
 *
 * The Initial Developer of the Original Code is Equivalence Pty. Ltd.
 *
 * Portions are Copyright (C) 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 * All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Contributor(s): ______________________________________.
 *
 * $Revision: 21788 $
 * $Author: rjongbloed $
 * $Date: 2008-12-12 05:42:13 +0000 (Fri, 12 Dec 2008) $
 */

#ifndef PTLIB_CHANNEL_H
#define PTLIB_CHANNEL_H

#ifdef P_USE_PRAGMA
#pragma interface
#endif

#include <ptlib/mutex.h>

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// I/O Channels

class PChannel;

/* Buffer class used in PChannel stream.
This class is necessary for implementing the standard C++ iostream interface
on #PChannel# classes and its descendents. It is an internal class and
should not ever be used by application writers.
*/
class PChannelStreamBuffer : public streambuf {

  protected:
    /* Construct the streambuf for standard streams on a channel. This is used
       internally by the #PChannel# class.
     */
    PChannelStreamBuffer(
      PChannel * chan   // Channel the buffer operates on.
    );

    virtual int_type overflow(int_type = EOF);
    virtual int_type underflow();
    virtual int sync();
    virtual pos_type seekoff(off_type, ios_base::seekdir, ios_base::openmode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
    virtual pos_type seekpos(pos_type, ios_base::openmode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);

    PBoolean SetBufferSize(
      PINDEX newSize
    );

  private:
    // Member variables
    PChannel * channel;
    PCharArray input, output;

  public:
    PChannelStreamBuffer(const PChannelStreamBuffer & sbuf);
    PChannelStreamBuffer & operator=(const PChannelStreamBuffer & sbuf);

  friend class PChannel;
};


/** Abstract class defining I/O channel semantics. An I/O channel can be a
   serial port, pipe, network socket or even just a simple file. Anything that
   requires opening and closing then reading and/or writing from.

   A descendent would typically have constructors and an #Open()# function which
   enables access to the I/O channel it represents. The #Read()# and
   #Write()# functions would then be overridden to the platform and I/O
   specific mechanisms required.

   The general model for a channel is that the channel accepts and/or supplies
   a stream of bytes. The access to the stream of bytes is via a set of
   functions that allow certain types of transfer. These include direct
   transfers, buffered transfers (via iostream) or asynchronous transfers.

   The model also has the fundamental state of the channel being {\it open}
   or {\it closed}. A channel instance that is closed contains sufficient
   information to describe the channel but does not allocate or lock any
   system resources. An open channel allocates or locks the particular system
   resource. The act of opening a channel is a key event that may fail. In this
   case the channel remains closed and error values are set.
 */
class PChannel : public PObject, public iostream {
  PCLASSINFO(PChannel, PObject);

  public:
  /**@name Construction */
  //@{
      /// Create the channel.
    PChannel();

      /// Close down the channel.
    ~PChannel();
  //@}

  /**@name Overrides from class PObject */
  //@{
    /**Get the relative rank of the two strings. The system standard function,
       eg strcmp(), is used.

       @return
       comparison of the two objects, #EqualTo# for same,
       #LessThan# for #obj# logically less than the
       object and #GreaterThan# for #obj# logically
       greater than the object.
     */
    virtual Comparison Compare(
      const PObject & obj   ///< Other PString to compare against.
    ) const;

    /**Calculate a hash value for use in sets and dictionaries.
    
       The hash function for strings will produce a value based on the sum of
       the first three characters of the string. This is a fairly basic
       function and make no assumptions about the string contents. A user may
       descend from PString and override the hash function if they can take
       advantage of the types of strings being used, eg if all strings start
       with the letter 'A' followed by 'B or 'C' then the current hash function
       will not perform very well.

       @return
       hash value for string.
     */
    virtual PINDEX HashFunction() const;
  //@}

  /**@name Information functions */
  //@{
    /** Determine if the channel is currently open.
       This indicates that read and write operations can be executed on the
       channel. For example, in the #PFile# class it returns if the file is
       currently open.

       @return PTrue if the channel is open.
     */
    virtual PBoolean IsOpen() const;

    /** Get the platform and I/O channel type name of the channel. For example,
       it would return the filename in #PFile# type channels.

       @return the name of the channel.
     */
    virtual PString GetName() const;

    /** Get the integer operating system handle for the channel.

       @return
       standard OS descriptor integer.
     */
    int GetHandle() const;

    /** Get the base channel of channel indirection using PIndirectChannel.
       This function returns the eventual base channel for reading of a series
       of indirect channels provided by descendents of #PIndirectChannel#.

       The behaviour for this function is to return "this".
       
       @return
       Pointer to base I/O channel for the indirect channel.
     */
    virtual PChannel * GetBaseReadChannel() const;

    /** Get the base channel of channel indirection using PIndirectChannel.
       This function returns the eventual base channel for writing of a series
       of indirect channels provided by descendents of #PIndirectChannel#.

       The behaviour for this function is to return "this".
       
       @return
       Pointer to base I/O channel for the indirect channel.
     */
    virtual PChannel * GetBaseWriteChannel() const;
  //@}

  /**@name Reading functions */
  //@{
    /** Set the timeout for read operations. This may be zero for immediate
       return of data through to #PMaxTimeInterval# which will wait forever for
       the read request to be filled.
       
       Note that this function may not be available, or meaningfull, for all
       channels. In that case it is set but ignored.
     */
    void SetReadTimeout(
      const PTimeInterval & time  ///< The new time interval for read operations.
    );

    /** Get the timeout for read operations. Note that this function may not be
       available, or meaningfull, for all channels. In that case it returns the
       previously set value.

       @return time interval for read operations.
     */
    PTimeInterval GetReadTimeout() const;

    /** Low level read from the channel. This function may block until the
       requested number of characters were read or the read timeout was
       reached. The GetLastReadCount() function returns the actual number
       of bytes read.

       The GetErrorCode() function should be consulted after Read() returns
       PFalse to determine what caused the failure.

       @return
       PTrue indicates that at least one character was read from the channel.
       PFalse means no bytes were read due to timeout or some other I/O error.
     */
    virtual PBoolean Read(
      void * buf,   ///< Pointer to a block of memory to receive the read bytes.
      PINDEX len    ///< Maximum number of bytes to read into the buffer.
    );

    /**Get the number of bytes read by the last Read() call. This will be from
       0 to the maximum number of bytes as passed to the Read() call.
       
       Note that the number of bytes read may often be less than that asked
       for. Aside from the most common case of being at end of file, which the
       applications semantics may regard as an exception, there are some cases
       where this is normal. For example, if a PTextFile channel on the
       MSDOS platform is read from, then the translation of CR/LF pairs to \n
       characters will result in the number of bytes returned being less than
       the size of the buffer supplied.

       @return
       the number of bytes read.
     */
    virtual PINDEX GetLastReadCount() const;

    /** Read a single 8 bit byte from the channel. If one was not available
       within the read timeout period, or an I/O error occurred, then the
       function gives with a -1 return value.

       @return
       byte read or -1 if no character could be read.
     */
    virtual int ReadChar();

    /** Read len bytes into the buffer from the channel. This function uses
       Read(), so most remarks pertaining to that function also apply to this
       one. The only difference being that this function will not return until
       all of the bytes have been read, or an error occurs.

       @return
       PTrue if the read of #len# bytes was sucessfull.
     */
    PBoolean ReadBlock(
      void * buf,   ///< Pointer to a block of memory to receive the read bytes.
      PINDEX len    ///< Maximum number of bytes to read into the buffer.
    );

    /** Read #len# character into a string from the channel. This
       function simply uses ReadBlock(), so all remarks pertaining to that
       function also apply to this one.

       @return
       String that was read.
     */
    PString ReadString(PINDEX len);

    /** Begin an asynchronous read from channel. The read timeout is used as in
       other read operations, in this case calling the OnReadComplete()
       function.

       Note that if the channel is not capable of asynchronous read then this
       will do a sychronous read is in the Read() function with the addition
       of calling the OnReadComplete() before returning.

       @return
       PTrue if the read was sucessfully queued.
     */
    virtual PBoolean ReadAsync(
      void * buf,   ///< Pointer to a block of memory to receive the read bytes.
      PINDEX len    ///< Maximum number of bytes to read into the buffer.
    );

    /** User callback function for when a #ReadAsync()# call has completed or
       timed out. The original pointer to the buffer passed in ReadAsync() is
       passed to the function.
     */
    virtual void OnReadComplete(
      void * buf, ///< Pointer to a block of memory that received the read bytes.
      PINDEX len  ///< Actual number of bytes to read into the buffer.
    );
  //@}

  /**@name Writing functions */
  //@{
    /** Set the timeout for write operations to complete. This may be zero for
       immediate return through to PMaxTimeInterval which will wait forever for
       the write request to be completed.
       
       Note that this function may not be available, or meaningfull,  for all
       channels. In this case the parameter is et but ignored.
     */
    void SetWriteTimeout(
      const PTimeInterval & time ///< The new time interval for write operations.
    );

    /** Get the timeout for write operations to complete. Note that this
       function may not be available, or meaningfull, for all channels. In
       that case it returns the previously set value.

       @return
       time interval for writing.
     */
    PTimeInterval GetWriteTimeout() const;

    /** Low level write to the channel. This function will block until the
       requested number of characters are written or the write timeout is
       reached. The GetLastWriteCount() function returns the actual number
       of bytes written.

       The GetErrorCode() function should be consulted after Write() returns
       PFalse to determine what caused the failure.

       @return
       PTrue if at least len bytes were written to the channel.
     */
    virtual PBoolean Write(
      const void * buf, ///< Pointer to a block of memory to write.
      PINDEX len        ///< Number of bytes to write.
    );

    /** Get the number of bytes written by the last Write() call.
       
       Note that the number of bytes written may often be less, or even more,
       than that asked for. A common case of it being less is where the disk
       is full. An example of where the bytes written is more is as follows.
       On a #PTextFile# channel on the MSDOS platform, there is
       translation of \n to CR/LF pairs. This will result in the number of
       bytes returned being more than that requested.

       @return
       the number of bytes written.
     */
    virtual PINDEX GetLastWriteCount() const;

    /** Write a single character to the channel. This function simply uses the
       Write() function so all comments on that function also apply.
       
       Note that this asserts if the value is not in the range 0..255.

       @return
       PTrue if the byte was successfully written.
     */
    PBoolean WriteChar(int c);

    /** Write a string to the channel. This function simply uses the Write()
       function so all comments on that function also apply.

       @return
       PTrue if the character written.
     */
    PBoolean WriteString(const PString & str);

    /** Begin an asynchronous write from channel. The write timeout is used as
       in other write operations, in this case calling the OnWriteComplete()
       function. Note that if the channel is not capable of asynchronous write
       then this will do a sychronous write as in the Write() function with
       the addition of calling the OnWriteComplete() before returning.

       @return
       PTrue of the write operation was succesfully queued.
     */
    virtual PBoolean WriteAsync(
      const void * buf, ///< Pointer to a block of memory to write.
      PINDEX len        ///< Number of bytes to write.
    );

    /** User callback function for when a WriteAsync() call has completed or
       timed out. The original pointer to the buffer passed in WriteAsync() is
       passed in here and the len parameter is the actual number of characters
       written.
     */
    virtual void OnWriteComplete(
      const void * buf, ///< Pointer to a block of memory to write.
      PINDEX len        ///< Number of bytes to write.
    );
  //@}

  /**@name Miscellaneous functions */
  //@{
    /** Close the channel, shutting down the link to the data source.

       @return PTrue if the channel successfully closed.
     */
    virtual PBoolean Close();

    enum ShutdownValue {
      ShutdownRead         = 0,
      ShutdownWrite        = 1,
      ShutdownReadAndWrite = 2
    };

    /** Close one or both of the data streams associated with a channel.

       The default behavour is to do nothing and return PFalse.

       @return
       PTrue if the shutdown was successfully performed.
     */
    virtual PBoolean Shutdown(
      ShutdownValue option
    );

    /**Set the iostream buffer size for reads and writes.

       @return
       PTrue if the new buffer size was set.
      */
    PBoolean SetBufferSize(
      PINDEX newSize    ///< New buffer size
    );

    /** Send a command meta-string. A meta-string is a string of characters
       that may contain escaped commands. The escape command is the \ as in
       the C language.

       The escape commands are:
\begin{description}
          \item[#\a#]    alert (ascii value 7)
          \item[#\b#]    backspace (ascii value 8)
          \item[#\f#]    formfeed (ascii value 12)
          \item[#\n#]    newline (ascii value 10)
          \item[#\r#]    return (ascii value 13)
          \item[#\t#]    horizontal tab (ascii value 9)
          \item[#\v#]    vertical tab (ascii value 11)
          \item[#\\#]    backslash
          \item[#\ooo#]  where ooo is octal number, ascii value ooo
          \item[#\xhh#]  where hh is hex number (ascii value 0xhh)
          \item[#\0#]    null character (ascii zero)
          \item[#\dns#]  delay for n seconds
          \item[#\dnm#]  delay for n milliseconds
          \item[#\s#]    characters following this, up to a \w
                                     command or the end of string, are to be
                                     sent to modem
          \item[#\wns#]  characters following this, up to a \s, \d
                                     or another \w or the end of the string are
                                     expected back from the modem. If the
                                     string is not received within n seconds,
                                     a failed command is registered. The
                                     exception to this is if the command is at
                                     the end of the string or the next
                                     character in the string is the \s, \d or
                                     \w in which case all characters are
                                     ignored from the modem until n seconds of
                                     no data.
          \item[#\wnm#]  as for above but timeout is in
                                     milliseconds.
\end{description}
       @return
       PTrue if the command string was completely processed.
     */
    PBoolean SendCommandString(
      const PString & command  ///< Command to send to the channel
    );

    /** Abort a command string that is in progress. Note that as the
       SendCommandString() function blocks the calling thread when it runs,
       this can only be called from within another thread.
     */
    void AbortCommandString();
  //@}

  /**@name Error functions */
  //@{
    /** Normalised error codes.
        The error result of the last file I/O operation in this object.
     */
    enum Errors {
      NoError,
      /// Open fail due to device or file not found
      NotFound,       
      /// Open fail due to file already existing
      FileExists,     
      /// Write fail due to disk full
      DiskFull,       
      /// Operation fail due to insufficient privilege
      AccessDenied,   
      /// Open fail due to device already open for exclusive use
      DeviceInUse,    
      /// Operation fail due to bad parameters
      BadParameter,   
      /// Operation fail due to insufficient memory
      NoMemory,       
      /// Operation fail due to channel not being open yet
      NotOpen,        
      /// Operation failed due to a timeout
      Timeout,        
      /// Operation was interrupted
      Interrupted,    
      /// Operations buffer was too small for data.
      BufferTooSmall, 
      /// Miscellaneous error.
      Miscellaneous,
      /// High level protocol failure
      ProtocolFailure,
      NumNormalisedErrors
    };

    /**Error groups.
       To aid in multithreaded applications where reading and writing may be
       happening simultaneously, read and write errors are separated from
       other errors.
      */
    enum ErrorGroup {
      LastReadError,      ///< Error during Read() operation
      LastWriteError,     ///< Error during Write() operation
      LastGeneralError,   ///< Error during other operation, eg Open()
      NumErrorGroups
    };

    /** Get normalised error code.
      Return the error result of the last file I/O operation in this object.
      @return Normalised error code.
      */
    Errors GetErrorCode(
      ErrorGroup group = NumErrorGroups   ///< Error group to get
    ) const;

    /** Get OS errro code.
      Return the operating system error number of the last file I/O
      operation in this object.
      @return Operating System error code.
      */
    int GetErrorNumber(
      ErrorGroup group = NumErrorGroups   ///< Error group to get
    ) const;

      /** Get error message description.
        Return a string indicating the error message that may be displayed to
       the user. The error for the last I/O operation in this object is used.
      @return Operating System error description string.
       */
    virtual PString GetErrorText(
      ErrorGroup group = NumErrorGroups   ///< Error group to get
    ) const;

      /** Get error message description.
        Return a string indicating the error message that may be displayed to
       the user. The #osError# parameter is used unless zero, in which case
       the #lastError# parameter is used.
      @return Operating System error description string.
       */
    static PString GetErrorText(
      Errors lastError,   ///< Error code to translate.
      int osError = 0     ///< OS error number to translate.
    );
  //@}

    /** Convert an operating system error into platform independent error.
       This will set the lastError and osError member variables for access by
       GetErrorCode() and GetErrorNumber().
       
       @return PTrue if there was no error.
     */
    static PBoolean ConvertOSError(
      int libcReturnValue,
      Errors & lastError,
      int & osError
    );

  /**@name Scattered read/write functions */
  //@{
    /** Structure that defines a "slice" of memory to be written to
     */
#if P_HAS_RECVMSG
    typedef iovec Slice;
#else
    struct Slice {
      void * iov_base;
      size_t iov_len;
    };
#endif

    typedef std::vector<Slice> VectorOfSlice;

    /** Low level scattered read from the channel. This is identical to Read except 
        that the data will be read into a series of scattered memory slices. By default,
        this call will default to calling Read multiple times, but this may be 
        implemented by operating systems to do a real scattered read

       @return
       PTrue indicates that at least one character was read from the channel.
       PFalse means no bytes were read due to timeout or some other I/O error.
     */
    virtual PBoolean Read(
      const VectorOfSlice & slices    // slices to read to
    );

    /** Low level scattered write to the channel. This is identical to Write except 
        that the data will be written from a series of scattered memory slices. By default,
        this call will default to calling Write multiple times, but this can be actually
        implemented by operating systems to do a real scattered write

       @return
       PTrue indicates that at least one character was read from the channel.
       PFalse means no bytes were read due to timeout or some other I/O error.
     */
    virtual PBoolean Write(
      const VectorOfSlice & slices    // slices to read to
    );
  //@}

  protected:
    PChannel(const PChannel &);
    PChannel & operator=(const PChannel &);
    // Prevent usage by external classes


    /** Convert an operating system error into platform independent error.
      The internal error codes are set by this function. They may be obtained
      via the #GetErrorCode()# and #GetErrorNumber()# functions.
       
       @return PTrue if there was no error.
     */
    virtual PBoolean ConvertOSError(
      int libcReturnValue,
      ErrorGroup group = LastGeneralError ///< Error group to set
    );

  public:
    /**Set error values to those specified.
       Return PTrue if errorCode is NoError, PFalse otherwise
      */
    PBoolean SetErrorValues(
      Errors errorCode,   ///< Error code to translate.
      int osError,        ///< OS error number to translate.
      ErrorGroup group = LastGeneralError ///< Error group to set
    );

  protected:
    /** Read a character with specified timeout.
      This reads a single character from the channel waiting at most the
      amount of time specified for it to arrive. The #timeout# parameter
      is adjusted for amount of time it actually took, so it can be used
      for a multiple character timeout.

       @return PTrue if there was no error.
     */
    int ReadCharWithTimeout(
      PTimeInterval & timeout  // Timeout for read.
    );

    // Receive a (partial) command string, determine if completed yet.
    PBoolean ReceiveCommandString(
      int nextChar,
      const PString & reply,
      PINDEX & pos,
      PINDEX start
    );


    // Member variables
    /// The operating system file handle return by standard open() function.
    int os_handle;
    /// The platform independant error code.
    Errors lastErrorCode[NumErrorGroups+1];
    /// The operating system error number (eg as returned by errno).
    int lastErrorNumber[NumErrorGroups+1];
    /// Number of byte last read by the Read() function.
    PINDEX lastReadCount;
    /// Number of byte last written by the Write() function.
    PINDEX lastWriteCount;
    /// Timeout for read operations.
    PTimeInterval readTimeout;
    /// Timeout for write operations.
    PTimeInterval writeTimeout;


  private:
    // New functions for class
    void Construct();
      // Complete platform dependent construction.

    // Member variables
    PBoolean abortCommandString;
      // Flag to abort the transmission of a command in SendCommandString().


// Include platform dependent part of class
#ifdef _WIN32
#include "msos/ptlib/channel.h"
#else
#include "unix/ptlib/channel.h"
#endif

};


#endif // PTLIB_CHANNEL_H


// End Of File ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
